belch

Belch, or eructation, is the audible release of gas from the stomach through the mouth. It is a normal physiological process that helps vent swallowed air and gas produced during digestion. Belching may occur quietly or as a loud sound and typically resolves without treatment.

Causes and triggers are varied. Most belching results from swallowing air (aerophagia) during eating or drinking. Common contributors include eating or drinking quickly, talking while eating, carbonated beverages, chewing gum, and smoking. Less commonly, frequent belching can signal underlying digestive conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, or a hiatal hernia. Chronic or excessive belching may be associated with anxiety or certain medications in some individuals.

Diagnosis and management focus on identifying triggers and ruling out underlying conditions when belching is persistent or bothersome. Practical approaches include eating slowly, avoiding carbonated drinks and chewing gum, not drinking through a straw, and reducing air swallowing. Management of any underlying condition, such as GERD, may reduce belching. Pharmacologic options, when indicated, can include acid-reducing therapies (antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors) and, in some cases, prokinetic agents. For aerophagia, behavioral strategies and breathing techniques may help, and simethicone can provide relief for gas-related discomfort.

Social and cultural aspects vary. Belching is considered rude in many cultures, especially in public settings, though some contexts view it as a sign of satisfaction after a meal.