aerophagia

Aerophagia, or aerophagy, is the habitual or excessive swallowing of air, which introduces air into the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to abdominal distension, belching, bloating, and flatulence, and may be accompanied by chest discomfort or abdominal pain. It is considered a functional condition when no organic cause is identified, though it can be associated with anxiety, stress, certain developmental or psychiatric conditions, or swallowing disorders.

Causes and associations include primary (idiopathic) aerophagia and secondary forms linked to behavioral patterns or underlying disorders. Risk factors include rapid eating, talking while eating, chewing gum, smoking, carbonated beverages, and foods that increase gas production. In some individuals, especially children or those with neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions, air swallowing may be more frequent.

Symptoms result from air trapped in the stomach and intestines. Patients commonly report frequent belching, early fullness after meals, abdominal distension, cramping, and increased flatulence. Severe distension can cause noticeable swelling and discomfort.

Diagnosis rests on history and examination. Imaging such as abdominal radiographs or CT can reveal gaseous distension, and clinicians may rule out other causes of abdominal bloating or chest discomfort (for example, GI motility disorders or structural problems). Additional tests are not routinely required unless other conditions are suspected.

Management focuses on behavioral modification and treatment of underlying causes. Practical approaches include eating slowly, minimizing talking while eating, avoiding carbonated drinks and chewing gum, and practicing breathing or cough-suppressing techniques to reduce air intake. Psychological or behavioral therapies can help address anxiety or compulsive air swallowing. In cases with psychiatric comorbidity, appropriate therapy or medications may be beneficial. Education and reassurance are important, as aerophagia often responds to addressing airway-swallowing habits.