atherosclerosisrelated

Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque, a fatty substance, within the walls of arteries. This plaque is composed of cholesterol, fatty acids, calcium, and other substances. As plaque accumulates, it narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow and making them less flexible. This condition is a progressive process that can begin in childhood and worsen over time.

The underlying cause of atherosclerosis is a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Key risk factors include high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Inflammation also plays a significant role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaque.

The consequences of atherosclerosis depend on the arteries affected. If it occurs in the coronary arteries supplying the heart, it can lead to angina (chest pain) or a heart attack. Atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries supplying the brain can result in a stroke. It can also affect arteries in the legs, causing peripheral artery disease, characterized by leg pain during activity.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as blood tests to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels, electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, and imaging studies like angiography. Management focuses on lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and weight management. Medications may be prescribed to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and prevent blood clots. In some cases, surgical interventions like angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.