astmaa

Asthma, sometimes written as astmaa in informal usage, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It manifests as episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, often varying in frequency and intensity. Symptoms may worsen at night or early in the morning and in the presence of triggers such as allergens, cold air, exercise, or infections.

Asthma results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Atopy, a personal or family tendency toward allergy, increases risk. Exposures such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, occupational irritants, viral infections in childhood, and obesity can worsen asthma or trigger attacks.

Diagnosis relies on medical history and lung function testing. Spirometry shows reduced or normal FEV1/FVC that improves after a bronchodilator. Reversibility testing, bronchoprovocation challenges, peak flow monitoring, and measurement of airway inflammation (eg, fractional exhaled nitric oxide) may be used to support diagnosis and assess control.

Management aims to achieve control of symptoms and minimize future risk. Key components include avoiding triggers, regular controller medications (inhaled corticosteroids are first-line; long-acting beta-agonists are added when needed), and short-acting beta-agonists for relief. Other options include leukotriene receptor antagonists and, in severe cases, biologic therapies such as anti-IgE or anti-IL-5 agents. An asthma action plan and vaccination are recommended.

With appropriate treatment, most people achieve good symptom control and normal activities. However, poor control can lead to exacerbations requiring urgent care and, rarely, life-threatening status asthmaticus. Regular follow-up, adherence to medication, and management of comorbidities such as allergic rhinitis improve outcomes.