asphýxi

Asphýxi, or asphyxia, is a potentially life-threatening condition in which the body does not receive adequate oxygen or cannot eliminate carbon dioxide effectively. The term is derived from Greek roots meaning “without breath.” Asphyxia can result from reduced oxygen (hypoxic or anoxic asphyxia), impaired oxygen delivery due to circulatory failure, or interference by chemicals that block oxygen use or uptake.

Causes fall into main categories: airway obstruction or suffocation (choking, entrapment, drowning); external compression or restraint; inhalation of harmful gases or smoke; and exposure to toxic substances such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, or cyanide. Non-obvious forms include environmental or occupational hazards and certain medical conditions that depress respiration.

Pathophysiology involves insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues or accumulation of carbon dioxide, leading to cellular hypoxia, lactic acidosis, and potential brain injury. If uncorrected, it can progress to loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, coma, and death. The speed of progression and outcome depend on the cause, duration, and promptness of intervention.

Clinical presentation varies with the cause and duration but may include shortness of breath, confusion, agitation, cyanosis, seizures, or collapse. Diagnosis is usually clinical, supported by vital signs and, when appropriate, arterial blood gas and toxicology testing. In cases of suspected carbon monoxide poisoning, co-oximetry is preferred and treatment involves high-flow oxygen, with hyperbaric oxygen therapy for certain cases.

Treatment focuses on removing the cause, securing an airway, providing oxygen, and supporting circulation. Prevention emphasizes safety measures to avoid airway obstruction, ensure safe sleeping environments, and limit exposure to toxic gases.