suffocation

Suffocation is a form of asphyxia defined by a dangerous reduction in the body’s supply of oxygen. It occurs when airflow to the lungs is blocked or when the environment prevents oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. Without sufficient oxygen, organs—especially the brain—can be harmed, and prolonged hypoxia can be fatal.

Common causes include mechanical airway obstruction (such as choking on food or a foreign object); external compression of the neck or chest (strangulation or smothering); inhalation of gases, smoke, or chemical vapors; and drowning or immersion. Some settings involve environmental depletion of oxygen or exposure to inert atmospheres that impair oxygen uptake.

Signs and symptoms vary with severity but often include shortness of breath, rapid or altered breathing, chest tightness, confusion, dizziness, fainting, and a bluish coloration of lips or skin. In severe cases consciousness may be lost.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on observation of symptoms and the underlying cause. In medical settings, oxygen saturation and blood gas measurements may be used to assess oxygen delivery and balance of gases, along with imaging as indicated.

Treatment aims to restore oxygen delivery and treat the cause. This may involve relieving airway obstruction if present, providing supplemental oxygen, and supportive care in a hospital. The prognosis depends on the duration of insufficient oxygen and the speed of intervention.

Prevention focuses on reducing choking hazards, safe food preparation for children, safe sleep practices for infants, and ensuring adequate ventilation and detection of hazardous gases in the environment.