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Arrhythmias refer to irregular heart rhythms. The heart has an electrical system that controls the timing and coordination of its contractions, ensuring it pumps blood efficiently. An arrhythmia occurs when this electrical system malfunctions, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular pattern.

There are many types of arrhythmias, broadly categorized as tachycardias (fast heartbeats) and bradycardias (slow heartbeats). Some common examples include atrial fibrillation, where the upper chambers of the heart beat chaotically, and bradycardia, where the heart rate drops too low.

Symptoms can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the arrhythmia. Some individuals may experience no symptoms at all, while others might feel palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, or even faint.

The causes of arrhythmias are diverse. They can be related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve problems, or congenital heart defects. Other factors that can contribute include high blood pressure, thyroid disorders, electrolyte imbalances, stress, certain medications, and lifestyle choices like excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption.

Diagnosis typically involves an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), which records the heart's electrical activity. Further testing may include Holter monitors (portable ECGs worn for 24-48 hours), event recorders, or electrophysiology studies.

Treatment depends on the specific type of arrhythmia, its cause, and the presence of symptoms. Options range from lifestyle modifications and medication to medical procedures like cardioversion or catheter ablation, and in some cases, the implantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator.