arbitrator

An arbitrator is a neutral person chosen to settle disputes through arbitration, a private dispute resolution process outside the courts. An arbitrator's primary function is to hear claims and evidence presented by the parties and render an arbitral award that is binding on all parties. Arbitration contrasts with litigation in that it is typically private, may be faster, and allows parties to select arbitrators with relevant expertise. In most cases, a sole arbitrator is used, but many proceedings employ a panel of three arbitrators, particularly for complex matters.

Arbitrators are appointed by agreement of the parties, by an arbitration institution, or by a court acting as appointing authority. The appointment process aims to ensure impartiality and independence. Arbitrators must disclose any potential conflicts of interest. The procedure is defined by the governing arbitration agreement and the rules of the chosen institution or the applicable law. Hearings may be conducted with open or closed proceedings, and the parties present evidence, expert testimony, and arguments. The arbitrator issues a written award stating findings of fact, conclusions of law, and the decision on the disputed issues.

Arbitral awards are generally enforceable in many jurisdictions under national law and international instruments such as the New York Convention, making arbitration a favored method for cross-border disputes. Challenges to awards are typically limited to the grounds of due process, lack of jurisdiction, or evident arbitral misconduct, and are assessed by courts rather than by arbitrators themselves.

Arbitration is used across commercial, construction, investment, sports, and labor disputes, among others, where confidentiality, speed, and expertise are valued.