animations

Animation is the process of creating the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of still images or frames at a sufficient rate. It encompasses a range of techniques for producing moving images in film, television, video games, and other media, including traditional hand-drawn work, computer-generated imagery, and stop-motion.

Common methods include 2D animation (traditional cel animation, digital vector-based animation), 3D computer animation, stop-motion using physical models or puppets, and rotoscoping where live-action footage is traced. Modern production often combines approaches and uses motion capture to translate human movement to digital characters.

Key concepts include frame rate, typically measured in frames per second; persistence of vision explains why rapid sequences appear continuous. Animation relies on timing, easing, and interpolation via keyframes and in-between frames; 3D pipelines involve modeling, rigging, animation, lighting, and rendering; 2D pipelines emphasize drawing, compositing, and coloring.

Historically, early experiments in the late 19th and early 20th centuries paved the way, with significant development by pioneers such as Winsor McCay and Disney. The rise of computer graphics in the late 20th century led to feature films and expansive animation for games and media, with studios and independent artists contributing to a wide range of styles.

Animation is used for entertainment, education, advertising, and simulations, and is produced with specialized software and hardware. The field continues to evolve with real-time rendering, virtual production, and immersive media, expanding what animated content can convey.