aliqtisad

Aliqtisad (Arabic: الاقتصاد, transliterated as al‑iqtiṣād) is the Arabic term for economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The concept has been a central concern of Muslim scholars since the early Islamic period, influencing both theoretical discourse and practical policy in the Islamic world.

Historical development

Early contributions to aliqtisad emerged in the Abbasid era, where scholars such as Al‑Maqrizi, Ibn Khaldun, and Al‑Ghazzali examined market mechanisms, taxation, and the role of the state. Ibn Khaldun’s "Muqaddimah" is particularly noted for its early articulation of economic cycles, labor theory of value, and demographic influences on economic activity. Throughout the medieval period, Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) incorporated economic principles in discussions of zakat (charitable almsgiving), riba (usury), and waqf (endowments), framing economic behavior within ethical and religious guidelines.

Modern context

In contemporary usage, aliqtisad refers to the study and practice of economics in Arabic‑speaking countries. Universities across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) offer degree programs in al‑iqtiṣād, often integrating both Western economic theories and Islamic economic thought. Research institutions and policy think tanks address issues such as oil revenue management, labor market reforms, inflation control, and sustainable development, reflecting the region’s unique economic structures.

Islamic economics

A distinct branch of aliqtisad, Islamic economics, seeks to align economic activity with Shariah law. Core principles include the prohibition of riba, promotion of risk‑sharing contracts, and the encouragement of charitable distribution through zakat and sadaqah. This subfield has generated a body of literature and a growing number of financial institutions that offer Shariah‑compliant banking and investment products.

Overall, aliqtisad encompasses both the universal study of economic phenomena and a tradition of integrating moral and religious considerations into economic analysis, shaping policy and scholarship across the Arab and broader Muslim worlds.