alergines

Alergines, also known as allergens, are substances that can provoke an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. These reactions occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat, triggering an overactive response. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, certain foods, insect venom, and pet dander. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can range from mild, such as sneezing or skin rashes, to severe, including difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition.

Allergens are typically proteins that bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies on the surface of mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This process causes the characteristic signs of an allergic response, such as swelling, itching, or mucus production. Sensitization to allergens often occurs after repeated exposure, though some individuals may develop immediate hypersensitivity upon first contact.

Food allergies are a notable category of allergen-related reactions, with common triggers including peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, and soy. Environmental allergens, such as pollen from grasses, trees, or weeds, are primary causes of seasonal allergies, commonly known as hay fever. Inhaled allergens like dust mites or mold spores can also provoke respiratory symptoms, including asthma or chronic sinusitis.

Diagnosis of allergies often involves skin prick tests, blood tests measuring IgE levels, or elimination diets for food sensitivities. Treatment focuses on avoiding known allergens, using medications like antihistamines to relieve symptoms, or administering epinephrine in cases of severe reactions. For some individuals, immunotherapy—such as allergy shots or sublingual tablets—may help reduce sensitivity over time. Research continues to explore genetic and environmental factors influencing allergic responses, as well as potential long-term preventive strategies.