agranulosyttoosi

Agranulocytosis is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drastic reduction in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infection. Granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, play a crucial role in the immune system by engulfing and destroying bacteria and fungi. When their numbers fall below a critical level, typically fewer than 500 cells per microliter of blood, the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens is severely compromised, leaving the individual highly susceptible to severe infections.

The causes of agranulocytosis are varied. It can be drug-induced, with certain medications, particularly those used in chemotherapy, certain antibiotics, antipsychotics, and antithyroid drugs, being the most common culprits. These drugs can directly damage the bone marrow, where granulocytes are produced, or trigger an immune response that destroys them. Other causes include certain autoimmune disorders, viral infections like parvovirus B19, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause remains unknown, a condition termed idiopathic agranulocytosis.

Symptoms of agranulocytosis often mimic those of severe infection, as the body struggles to fight off opportunistic pathogens. These can include fever, chills, sore throat with ulcers, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Skin infections, mouth sores, and rectal pain or bleeding can also occur. Prompt medical attention is critical for diagnosis and management. Diagnosis is typically made through a complete blood count (CBC) which reveals the significantly low granulocyte count. Treatment focuses on removing the offending agent if identifiable, supportive care including antibiotics to prevent or treat infections, and in severe cases, bone marrow stimulation with growth factors like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to encourage white blood cell production. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause, the severity of the granulocytopenia, and the promptness of treatment.