Zwitterionbased

Zwitterionbased refers to materials, polymers, and coatings that incorporate zwitterionic moieties—functional groups containing both positive and negative charges within a single molecule. The zwitterionic unit imparts overall neutrality and a strong hydration shell, influencing surface interactions and stability in aqueous environments.

Zwitterionbased systems typically exhibit high hydrophilicity and low nonspecific protein adsorption, contributing to antifouling properties and biocompatibility. The charge balance can be pH- or salt-dependent, allowing responsive behavior in different environments. In practice, the hydration layer is a key feature driving many of their advantages, reducing fouling and improving stability.

Design and synthesis rely on zwitterionic monomers such as carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine derivatives (e.g., CBMA, SBMA). These monomers are polymerized to create linear polymers, crosslinked networks, or grafted coatings. The architecture—chain length, crosslink density, and surface grafting density—controls swelling, hydration, mechanical properties, and fouling resistance.

Applications include antifouling coatings for medical devices and ships, biocompatible hydrogels for tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems with reduced protein binding. Zwitterionbased electrolytes and polymers are also explored in energy storage for their stability and low interfacial fouling.

Challenges include synthesis cost, scalable production, and stability under varying pH and ionic strength. Long-term performance and environmental impact require further study. Ongoing research aims to tailor hydration and ionic conductivity while maintaining biocompatibility.