Zehennägel

Zehennägel, commonly translated as toenails, are the hard, keratinous plates at the distal tips of the toes. They form part of the nail unit, which also includes the nail matrix (the growth region), nail bed, cuticle, and surrounding nail folds. The visible nail plate rests on the nail bed and is protected by the cuticle. The nail matrix produces most of the nail plate, and its cells keratinize as they move forward, forming the plate over time.

Growth and structure: Toenails grow slower than fingernails. Typical growth is about 1–2 millimeters per month, influenced by age, health, nutrition, and season. Nails may thicken with age and can become discolored or deformed due to fungal infections, trauma, or systemic conditions. The nail bed provides nourishment to the plate, while the surrounding folds help protect the matrix.

Functions: Toenails protect the distal phalanges, aid in balance, and contribute to toe-off during gait. They also provide a small amount of mechanical support to the tips of the toes.

Common conditions: Onychomycosis (fungal infection) is common and can cause thickening, discoloration, and detachment. Ingrown toenails (onychocryptosis) occur when the nail edge grows into the surrounding skin. Trauma can cause subungual hematomas or dystrophy. Nails can be affected by psoriasis, dermatitis, or systemic diseases, leading to pitting, ridging, or changes in color.

Care and management: Trim toenails straight across rather than rounded to reduce ingrown risk. Keep nails clean and dry, and avoid aggressive cuticle manipulation. Wear protective footwear and monitor for signs of infection, persistent thickening, or pain. Diabetic individuals and those with circulation issues should seek professional evaluation for nail problems. If in doubt, consult a healthcare provider.