Windstorm

A windstorm is a weather event characterized by unusually strong winds at the Earth's surface. It is defined by sustained winds or gusts exceeding typical thresholds for a given area, often causing damage and disruption. Windstorms can be associated with different weather systems, including extratropical cyclones, squall lines, and tropical cyclones, as well as convective storms producing microbursts or derechos. They are distinguished from tornadoes by the absence of a strong, concentrated rotation and by the broader wind field.

In extratropical systems, strong winds arise from a large horizontal pressure gradient produced by a mature low-pressure system or a strong cold front, often enhanced by jet stream dynamics. Convective windstorms result from rapidly rising air in thunderstorms, including downbursts that deliver damaging winds to the surface. A derecho describes a long-lived, widespread straight-line wind event connected with a bow echo on radar.

Downbursts and microbursts are intense, localized downdrafts; macrobursts are similar but larger. Squall lines are extended bands of thunderstorms with gusty winds. Tropical cyclone–related windstorms occur when the cyclone's circulation and rain bands produce sustained hurricane-force winds on land up to coastal areas, with inland wind damage depending on storm size and speed.

Windstorms can cause structural damage, power outages, fallen trees, and hazards from flying debris. Preparedness includes heeding warnings, trimming trees, securing objects, and having emergency plans. Building codes often address wind loads.

Meteorologists monitor wind fields using weather radars, satellites, weather stations, and numerical models. Forecasts provide wind advisories or warnings when gusts reach critical thresholds. Data collection supports risk assessment and climate studies.