Watches

A watch is a portable timekeeping device worn on the wrist or carried in a pocket. Wristwatches became common in the early 20th century, aided by military use and advances in small-scale engineering. The quartz crisis of the 1970s dramatically increased accuracy and reduced cost, while the 2010s saw the emergence of smartwatches that integrate sensors and connectivity with computing features.

Watch movements divide into mechanical and electronic categories. Mechanical watches use a coiled mainspring and gears; automatic watches wind from the wearer's wrist via a rotor. Quartz watches use a battery-powered quartz oscillator for timekeeping and are typically more accurate and inexpensive. Solar and kinetic variants exist, combining energy from light or motion with quartz regulation. Analog watches display time with hands, while digital watches show numerals.

A watch comprises a case, dial, hands, crystal, and movement. Common case materials include stainless steel, titanium, gold, and ceramic. Crystals are commonly sapphire or mineral; some inexpensive models use acrylic. Straps range from metal bracelets to leather and rubber. Many watches feature water resistance to various depths and additional complications such as date, chronograph, or moon phase.

Functionality varies from simple timekeeping to complex complications. Diver watches emphasize water resistance and legibility, while pilot and GMT watches provide time in multiple zones. Complications include date, day, month, chronograph, Moon phase, perpetual calendar, and tourbillon on high-end models. Battery changes, servicing, and seal replacements are part of maintenance.

The watch industry ranges from mass-market brands to luxury maisons and independent makers. Collecting and investment are notable aspects for some models. Consumers consider accuracy, reliability, legibility, durability, and the balance between function and style.