Vrozenost

Vrozenost is a term used in several Slavic languages to refer to a condition or trait that is present at birth or originates during fetal development. In medical contexts it is commonly used to denote congenital conditions, including structural anomalies, metabolic disorders, and congenital infections. The exact connotation of vrozenost can vary by country and discipline, but it generally aligns with the English term congenital.

Causes of vrozenost are diverse and can involve genetic, chromosomal, environmental, infectious, or nutritional factors. Genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities can give rise to congenital disorders. Teratogens such as certain medications, alcohol, or other harmful substances during pregnancy, maternal health conditions, infections during gestation (for example TORCH infections), and nutritional deficiencies can also contribute. Often the origin is multifactorial, with interactions between genes and the intrauterine environment.

Common types and examples include structural congenital anomalies such as congenital heart defects, neural tube defects (like spina bifida), cleft lip or palate, and limb malformations; congenital metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria or galactosemia; and syndromic conditions like Down syndrome. Some conditions are detected only after birth, while others can be identified prenatally through ultrasound, genetic testing, or maternal screening. Newborn screening programs are designed to detect certain metabolic disorders shortly after birth, enabling early management.

Management of vrozenost depends on the specific condition and severity, ranging from surgical correction to ongoing medical care and early intervention services. Prognosis varies widely, from treatable conditions with good outcomes to multiple-comorbidity syndromes requiring lifelong support. Global prevalence estimates indicate that major congenital anomalies affect a few percent of births, underscoring their significance in public health and clinical care.