Voter

A voter is an individual who is eligible and registered to participate in elections. Eligibility requirements vary by country, but commonly include citizenship, a defined minimum age, and residency within the jurisdiction. The usual minimum age is 18 for federal or national elections, though some systems allow younger participation in certain elections or local referenda. Disqualifications may apply for reasons such as certain criminal convictions, incapacity as defined by law, or loss of eligibility under specific regulations.

Registration processes differ; some places require pre-registration, others offer same-day or automatic registration. Voters cast ballots in several formats, including in-person on election day, early voting periods, and mail-in or absentee ballots. Accessibility measures aim to accommodate disabilities, language needs, remote locations, and transportation barriers. Identification requirements and procedures for provisional ballots also vary by jurisdiction, reflecting a balance between security and ease of access.

Voting is the primary method by which citizens express preferences about political leadership and public policy. Voter turnout, the rate at which eligible voters participate, is often used as a measure of civic engagement and the legitimacy of election results. Voter rights are protected by constitutional provisions and election laws, which may address equal access, anti-discrimination, ballot secrecy, and procedures for challenging results or recounts.

Across democracies, universal suffrage and equal protection of the right to vote are longstanding principles, with historical movements expanding franchise to women, minority groups, and younger citizens. The term voter may also apply to participants in referendums or ballot initiatives, depending on the political system and the election in question.