Villámzárlat

Villámzárlat, often translated as lightning surge or transient overvoltage, refers to a sudden, brief, and extremely high voltage that can occur in electrical systems. These events are typically caused by external factors, most commonly lightning strikes. When lightning strikes near or directly hits a power line, the massive electrical discharge induces a powerful voltage spike that travels along the conductors.

These voltage spikes are transient, meaning they last for a very short duration, typically in the microsecond range. However, their magnitude can be thousands or even millions of volts. This extreme voltage can overwhelm the insulation of electrical equipment, leading to insulation breakdown and potential damage. Components like transformers, circuit breakers, electronic devices, and even wiring can be affected.

Besides lightning, other events can cause transient overvoltages, though usually of lower magnitude. These include switching operations in the power grid, such as opening or closing heavy loads, and internal faults within the electrical system. The effects of villámzárlat can range from minor disruptions, like a temporary power flicker, to catastrophic equipment failure and fires. Protective devices such as surge protectors and lightning arresters are employed to mitigate the risks associated with these events by diverting the excess voltage safely to the ground.