Valtimosairaus

Valtimosairaus is a Finnish term used to describe diseases of the large arteries (valtimot). It encompasses atherosclerotic disease affecting major arteries such as coronary, carotid, renal, mesenteric, and peripheral arteries. The underlying mechanism is atherosclerosis: lipid-laden plaques in the intima, inflammatory processes, and progressive stenosis or occlusion, with possible plaque rupture and embolization.

Clinical manifestations depend on the vessel involved. Coronary involvement may cause angina or myocardial infarction; carotid disease increases the risk of transient ischemic attack or stroke; peripheral artery disease presents with claudication and limb ischemia; renal artery stenosis can lead to hypertension and kidney dysfunction; mesenteric ischemia presents as postprandial pain and weight loss.

Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, age, and family history, as well as inflammatory conditions and genetic predisposition. Diagnosis relies on imaging and functional assessment: duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and invasive catheter angiography; laboratory tests assess risk factors and organ function as needed.

Treatment emphasizes risk factor modification and restoration of blood flow when indicated. Medical therapy typically includes antiplatelet agents, statins, antihypertensives, and glucose control. Revascularization may be achieved with endovascular procedures (angioplasty with or without stenting) or surgical bypass. In carotid disease, carotid endarterectomy or stenting may be considered to reduce stroke risk.

Prognosis depends on extent, location, and treatment access; early detection and risk factor control improve outcomes. Valtimosairaus is a common cause of cardiovascular and limb morbidity, particularly in older adults.

See also: atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease; peripheral artery disease.