Transtranslation

Transtranslation is a linguistic phenomenon that refers to the process of translating a text that has already been translated from its original language into another language. Unlike standard translation, which moves directly from source to target, transtranslation inherits the interpretive decisions, stylistic choices, and cultural filters introduced by the first translator. This layered mediation can affect meaning, nuance, and factual accuracy.

The term derives from the prefix “trans-,” meaning across or beyond, combined with “translation.” It emerged in the late twentieth century as scholars and translators noted the growing practice of working with translated literature, especially in multilingual world literature studies. Early documentary evidence appears in comparative literary criticism of medieval Chinese translations of Sanskrit texts, where subsequent European scholars translated the Chinese renderings into Latin or modern European languages.

Transtranslation can use direct interlingual methods, such as back‑translation or parallel texts, or indirect techniques like employing intermediary translation layers. Competence in both source and target languages, understanding of the intermediate translation’s context, and awareness of potential drift are essential. Techniques such as cross‑checking with the original, employing source–intermediary–target triangulation, and using machine‑assisted cross‑referral are increasingly common.

Typical applications include the dissemination of classic literature into languages lacking direct access, the study of translationese phenomena, and the preservation of literary works when the original is lost. For instance, the medieval Latin translations of the Hebrew Bible were later rendered into vernacular European languages, creating a chain of transtranslation that influences biblical scholarship today.

Critics argue that transtranslation can amplify misinterpretations and characterise a “translation of a translation” as a perpetuation of error. Advocates, however, highlight its capacity to reflect cultural exchange and the evolution of texts over time. The field continues to evolve with digital humanities tools that assist scholars in tracking translation history and assessing the fidelity of transtranslated works.