Tornados

Tornadoes are rapidly rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They are usually visible as a funnel or debris column and can occur with little warning. In the strongest events wind speeds exceed 200 mph, though most tornadoes are weaker. Tornadoes produce severe damage along narrow paths that can stretch for miles and last only minutes.

Most form in supercell thunderstorms containing a persistent rotating updraft called a mesocyclone. Formation requires atmospheric instability and wind shear; winds at different altitudes rotate the rising air, creating a rotating column. Ground interaction and updraft strength can sharpen and widen the damage path.

The Enhanced Fujita scale classifies tornadoes from EF0 to EF5 based on observed damage, with higher numbers indicating greater destruction. Wind speeds are estimated from damage patterns rather than direct measurement. Diameters typically range from tens to hundreds of meters, and path lengths vary from short to many kilometers.

Tornado occurrence is highest in the United States, especially in Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley. They also occur in Canada, Europe, Australia, and other regions, though less frequently. Seasonal activity peaks in spring and early summer in the United States.

Forecasts rely on Doppler radar and storm spotter networks. Watches indicate favorable conditions; warnings signal imminent or ongoing tornado development. Safety guidance includes moving to a sturdy interior room on the lowest floor, avoiding windows, protecting the head and body, and securing outdoor objects.