Toits

Toits, the French word for roofs, refers to the upper enclosing surface of a building. As a structural and architectural element, a toit provides weather protection, supports loads, and contributes to energy efficiency and the building’s form.

Roof shapes vary widely. Pitched roofs, including gable and hip forms, shed water effectively while creating space for attic rooms. Flat roofs maximize usable area and can conceal services. Curved roofs, domes, and barrel vaults offer different aesthetics and structural properties and are common in various traditions.

Materials are chosen for durability, weight, climate, and budget. Common coverings include clay or concrete tiles, slate, metal panels, asphalt shingles, and waterproof membranes. The roof structure rests on rafters or prefabricated trusses, with decking, underlayment, and insulation. Drainage is provided by gutters, downspouts, and roof outlets.

Key design considerations include climate, snow load, wind, fire resistance, and thermal performance. Roof pitch influences drainage and heat loss; ventilation reduces moisture and helps with insulation. In modern practice, roofs often integrate solar PV, green roofs, or cool roofing materials to improve efficiency and biodiversity.

Regional variation reflects local materials and building traditions. In Europe, slate, clay tiles, and thatch are common in different regions; in North America, asphalt shingles are prevalent; in arid regions, metal or flat, reflective membranes are used. Historic roofs are frequently preserved or restored as part of cultural heritage.

Maintenance involves regular inspection, clearing debris, repairing flashing, and replacing damaged coverings. Proper maintenance extends life, preserves waterproofing, and reduces energy loss; it is typically guided by local building codes and manufacturer recommendations.