Toidujulgeolekut

Toidujulgeolekut (food security) is a condition in which all people have reliable access, at all times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to sustain an active and healthy life. It is commonly described through four interrelated dimensions: availability, access, utilization, and stability. Availability means enough food is produced or imported; access covers affordability and physical reach; utilization encompasses safe preparation, clean water, and nutrition; stability ensures these conditions are durable over time and resilient to shocks.

Determinants include agricultural productivity and infrastructure, functioning markets, income levels, social protection systems, food safety and nutrition services, and exposure to climate change, conflict, or economic volatility.

Measurement uses indicators such as the prevalence of undernourishment, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, caloric availability, and price volatility. Other tools track dietary diversity and resilience of food systems. Food security is a core objective of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG 2.

Policy responses aim to strengthen productive capacity, markets and trade, and safety nets; improve food safety, nutrition, and health services; and reduce price volatility through strategic reserves, subsidies, and insurance schemes. International organizations (FAO, WFP, WB) and regional bodies support data, guidance, and cooperation.

Global threats include climate change, extreme weather, pandemics, conflicts, and supply chain disruptions. Building resilience, diversifying sources, and investing in sustainable agriculture are commonly emphasized in efforts to safeguard toidujulgeolekut.