Tipulidae

Tipulidae is a family of flies in the order Diptera, commonly known as crane flies or daddy longlegs. They are characterized by very long legs, a slender body, and one pair of wings. With thousands of described species, crane flies occupy a wide range of habitats and play roles as detritivores and, in some cases, as insect predators, in both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.

Traditionally, Tipulidae is divided into several subfamilies, such as Tipulinae, Pediciinae, and Limoniinae. In some classifications, Limoniinae is treated as a separate family (Limoniidae) and several genera are placed outside Tipulidae; classification varies among experts.

The life cycle begins with eggs laid in moist soil, damp vegetation, or aquatic substrates. Larvae, commonly called leatherjackets, are worm-like and feed on plant roots, detritus, and decomposing matter. They develop through multiple instars in soil, leaf litter, or sediments, before pupating. Adults typically have short lifespans and feed little or not at all, though some species sip nectar.

Geographically, crane flies are found worldwide, with greatest diversity in moist environments of temperate regions. In ecosystems, larvae contribute to decomposition and nutrient cycling, while some species can impact turfgrass by feeding on roots.

Overall, Tipulidae comprises a large, diverse group of two-winged insects recognizable by their delicate bodies and long legs. They are generally harmless to humans, though their larvae can influence plant communities and turf in some habitats.