Theremins

A theremin is an electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact. It produces sound by heterodyning two radio frequency oscillators; the performer shapes pitch with one hand by varying the capacitance near a vertical antenna, while volume is controlled by the other hand near a second loop-shaped antenna. The audio frequency is the difference between the oscillators, and changes in the hands’ proximity produce continuous pitch glides and dynamic contour.

Invented by Russian inventor Leon Theremin in the 1920s, the instrument was among the first electronic instruments to gain international attention. It was demonstrated in the Soviet Union and later introduced to Western audiences, where its eerie, gliding tone found a niche in both classical performance and science-fiction scores. Clara Rockmore popularized its technique and repertoire as a dedicated performer, while contemporary players such as Lydia Kavina continue the instrument’s experimental tradition.

The theremin is monophonic and highly sensitive to hand position, with no tactile feedback to guide pitch or volume. Mastery requires precise distance control, steady posture, and refined timing, producing a distinctive but challenging sound. It remains prominent in film music, electronic and experimental genres, and immersive sound design, where its transparent timbre can evoke otherworldly or futuristic atmospheres. Modern variations include both vintage-tube and solid-state designs, as well as hybrids that incorporate MIDI or digital processing.