Theocritus

Theocritus (ca. 300–ca. 260 BCE) was a Greek poet of the Hellenistic period, born in Syracuse, Sicily. He is traditionally credited with founding the pastoral or bucolic genre, and with inventing the idyll as a self-contained lyric form that pictures rural life.

He wrote in Ionic Greek with dialectal influences, producing about 30 short poems known as the Idylls. The subjects range from shepherds and rustic songs to personifications, love lyrics, and occasional mythic allusions; the poems often juxtapose elevated literary language with rustic, pastoral settings.

Theocritus is associated with the cultural centers of the Hellenistic world, including Alexandria under the Ptolemaic rulers, and is believed to have spent time at the court of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. His pastoral verse influenced later Greek poets and, most famously, the Latin pastoral tradition, shaping Virgil’s Eclogues and the broader bucolic lineage.

The surviving corpus is fragmentary, and the exact order and authenticity of some poems are debated. Much of what survives comes to later editors and scholars through manuscript transmission. Nevertheless, Theocritus’s name remains linked to the birth of pastoral poetry and the development of the idyll as a durable literary form.