Teenagers

Teenagers are young people typically aged 13 to 19. The period, known as adolescence, follows childhood and precedes adulthood. Definitions vary by country and context, and some sources extend adolescence into the early 20s.

During adolescence, there are rapid physical changes due to puberty, including growth spurts and secondary sexual characteristics. The brain undergoes structural and functional changes, with ongoing maturation of the prefrontal cortex involved in decision making, planning, and impulse control, which continues into the mid-20s.

Cognitive and identity development often includes seeking independence, forming personal values, and exploring identity. Peer groups become highly influential, while family relationships may shift toward greater autonomy.

Education and activities: schooling continues; many teenagers balance academics with extracurriculars, work, and social life. Education settings emphasize career preparation, critical thinking, and healthy decision making.

Health and well-being: mental health concerns such as anxiety and depression can emerge or intensify during adolescence. Adequate sleep, nutrition, physical activity, and safe sexual practices are important. Access to confidential health services varies by place.

Risks and protections: risk-taking behaviors, substance use, unsafe driving, and online safety issues can affect teenagers. Positive factors include supportive families, school engagement, access to mental health care, and respectful communication.

Demographics and diversity: adolescence spans across cultures; experiences vary by gender, socioeconomic status, and culture. Recognizing diversity helps tailor support and education.