TBEV

TBEV, or tick-borne encephalitis virus, is a positive-sense RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, in the tick-borne encephalitis virus serocomplex. It comprises several antigenically related subtypes, including European, Siberian, and Far Eastern. Transmission is via ixodid ticks, mainly Ixodes species, with a zoonotic cycle involving small mammals and birds.

Humans acquire infection through tick bites; dairy products from infected animals can also transmit the virus. The incubation period is typically 7–14 days. The illness is often biphasic: a first febrile phase, then a defined risk of central nervous system involvement, presenting as meningitis or encephalitis in some patients. Severe disease is more common with certain subtypes; most infections are mild or self-limited.

Diagnosis relies on detection of TBEV-specific IgM in serum or CSF; RT-PCR is useful in early cases. Cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses can occur. There is no antiviral treatment; management is supportive, and severe cases may require hospitalization.

Prevention centers on vaccination and tick avoidance. Vaccines are available and recommended for people in endemic areas or with high exposure; schedules vary by product. Additional measures include wearing protective clothing, using repellents, and performing tick checks after outdoor activities. TBEV is endemic in forested regions of Europe and Asia, with seasonal transmission mainly in spring and summer; climate and land-use changes may affect its distribution.