Sünoviit

Sünoviit is the inflammation of the synovial membrane, the lining of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae. The condition can be acute or chronic and may arise from immune-mediated diseases, infection, crystal deposition, trauma, or repetitive overuse. Inflammation leads to synovial swelling, increased fluid production, pain, and reduced joint motion.

Common causes include inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis, crystal-induced arthritis like gout or pseudogout, and septic arthritis caused by infection. Noninfectious factors such as repetitive joint use, injury, or reactive processes after another illness can also trigger synovitis. Chronic synovitis often accompanies systemic rheumatic diseases, while localized synovitis may occur after an injury.

Symptoms usually involve joint swelling, warmth, tenderness, and stiffness, particularly after inactivity or in the morning. Pain can limit movement and functional ability. In septic synovitis, fever and a rapidly deteriorating joint function may occur and require urgent care.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by tests. Imaging methods such as ultrasound or MRI can reveal synovial thickening and effusion. Laboratory workup may include inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP), autoimmune antibodies, uric acid, and analysis of synovial fluid obtained by joint aspiration to look for inflammatory cells, crystals, or infection. Cultures are essential if infection is suspected.

Treatment targets the underlying cause. General measures include rest, ice, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Corticosteroid injections into the joint or systemic steroids may reduce inflammation. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or biologics are used for inflammatory arthritides. In infection-related cases, antibiotics and drainage of the joint are required. Physical therapy supports recovery, and surgery may be considered for persistent or disabling synovitis. Prognosis depends on the cause and response to treatment.