Sähkönjohtavuusantureiden

Sähkönjohtavuus, often referred to as electrical conductivity, is a measure of a material's ability to conduct electric current. It quantifies how easily electric charge carriers, such as electrons or ions, can move through a substance when an electric field is applied. High electrical conductivity indicates that the material readily allows current to flow, while low conductivity suggests it is a poor conductor or an electrical insulator.

The unit of electrical conductivity in the International System of Units (SI) is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity, which measures a material's opposition to current flow. Therefore, a material with high conductivity will have low resistivity, and vice versa.

Various factors influence a material's electrical conductivity. In metals, conductivity is primarily determined by the number of free electrons available for conduction. Temperature also plays a significant role; generally, the conductivity of metals decreases as temperature increases due to increased atomic vibrations impeding electron flow. In electrolytes, conductivity depends on the concentration and mobility of ions in the solution.

Materials are broadly classified based on their conductivity. Conductors, like copper and silver, have very high conductivity. Semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium, have conductivity between that of conductors and insulators, and their conductivity can be manipulated by doping. Insulators, such as rubber and glass, have extremely low conductivity, making them useful for preventing electrical current flow. Understanding electrical conductivity is fundamental to the design and application of electrical devices and systems.