Synanceiidae

Synanceiidae, commonly called stonefishes, is a family of venomous marine ray-finned fishes. Classification varies: many sources place stonefishes in the order Scorpaeniformes as the family Synanceiidae, while others include them in Perciformes; some systems treat Synanceiidae as the subfamily Synanceiinae within Scorpaenidae. The family includes several genera, most notably Synanceia and Leptosynanceia.

They are among the most venomous fish known. Venom glands are associated with grooved spines on the dorsal fin, which can deliver potent toxins when stepped on or handled. Stings produce immediate, severe pain and swelling, and can cause tissue necrosis, cardiovascular or systemic symptoms in some cases. First aid emphasizes immersion in hot water (about 40–45°C) to inactivate the venom, followed by urgent medical care. Antivenom for stonefish envenomation is available in some regions, notably Australia.

Habitat and biology: Stonefishes inhabit warm, shallow coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific, including coral reefs, lagoons, and rocky bottoms. They are masters of camouflage, with rough, mottled skin and a broad, flattened body that helps them blend with the substrate. They are ambush predators, feeding on small fish and crustaceans. Reproduction details vary among species but typically involve demersal eggs and pelagic larvae.

Distribution: Indigenous to the Indian Ocean and western and central Pacific, ranging from the Red Sea and eastern Africa to northern Australia and parts of Southeast Asia.

Conservation status: They are not generally listed as endangered, though habitat destruction and collection pressures in some areas may affect local populations. Stonefishes remain a notable hazard for divers and coastal communities in their range.