SwitchedMode

Switchedmode, in electronics, refers to techniques that regulate power by rapidly turning a regulator element on and off. The term is most commonly associated with switched-mode power supplies (SMPS), which use high-frequency switching to convert input power into a desired output with high efficiency.

In a switched-mode regulator, a switch (typically a transistor) alternates between conducting and nonconducting states. Energy is stored in inductors and capacitors during each cycle, and feedback compares the output to a reference to adjust the switch’s duty cycle. By controlling the on/off time, the circuit maintains a stable voltage or current even when the input varies.

Common topologies include buck (step-down), boost (step-up), and buck-boost converters, as well as isolated designs such as flyback and forward converters and nonisolated variants using half-bridge or full-bridge configurations. Many SMPS also use multi-phase schemes for higher power and reduced ripple.

Switched-mode regulators are typically more efficient and compact than linear regulators, and they adapt to wide input ranges. They can be complex, generate switching noise and electromagnetic interference, require careful layout and EMI suppression, and may incur higher cost at small scales.

SMPS are ubiquitous in consumer electronics, computers, telecom equipment, industrial power supplies, and LED lighting. Advances include higher switching frequencies, integrated control ICs, GaN and SiC devices, and digital control for improved stability and protection.