Stratégia

Stratégia is a plan or set of guiding principles designed to achieve long-term goals under conditions of uncertainty. The term derives from the French stratégie, from Greek stratēgia, meaning the office or art of a general; the root elements refer to leading an army in battle. In modern usage, strategy refers to the overarching approach that determines how resources are allocated and actions chosen to create a desired future state. It is distinct from tactics, which are the specific actions taken to win battles or achieve interim targets.

Strategy is employed across domains such as military, business, politics, sports, and nonprofit activity. In business, strategy aligns an organization’s mission and vision with its competitive position and capabilities, guiding decisions about markets, products, partnerships, and investments. Corporate strategy concerns the portfolio and direction of the organization as a whole, while business-unit and functional strategies focus on particular markets or operations.

The strategic process typically includes setting objectives, performing environmental scanning and internal analysis, generating and selecting options, and designing an execution plan. Tools and frameworks commonly used are SWOT analysis, PESTEL or political-economy analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, value chain assessment, and measures such as the balanced scorecard or VRIO for resource evaluation.

Effective strategy requires ongoing monitoring, learning, and adaptation as conditions change. Critiques note that strategy can be affected by biases, groupthink, and overreliance on formal plans; hence modern practice emphasizes iterative refinement, experimentation, and real options in decision making.