Sterculiaceae

Sterculiaceae is a historically recognized family of flowering plants in the order Malvales. In many modern classifications, its genera are included in Malvaceae sensu lato, commonly treated as the subfamily Sterculoideae (or Sterculioideae). The circumscription of the group has varied over time, reflecting changes in phylogenetic understanding.

The group comprises trees, shrubs, and sometimes lianas native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Members are often found in forest and woodland habitats, with adaptations to seasonal climates. The flora includes a range of growth forms and ecological roles, from timber-producing species to ornamentals.

Morphology varies across genera, but many species have simple, alternately arranged leaves and flowers that are often small or inconspicuous. Petals, when present, are typically five, and the floral structure may feature numerous stamens or a fused stamen arrangement. Fruit is commonly a capsule that splits open to release seeds. These traits align with a general Malvales tendency toward woody taxa and diverse fruit types.

Economically, some genera have timber, resin, or ornamental value. The group historically included economically important species such as Theobroma and Sterculia, though in contemporary classifications they are placed within Malvaceae in expanded subfamilies. The status of individual genera and species often depends on the taxonomic system in use.

Etymology-wise, Sterculiaceae derives from the genus Sterculia, which in turn is named after the Roman god Sterculius; the name alludes to the characteristic odor associated with some species’ flowers or pods. The family remains a reference point in historical botany and in discussions of Malvaceae’s broad and diverse lineages.