Petals

Petals are the often colorful, leaf-like organs that make up the corolla, the inner whorl of a flower. They are typically positioned inside the sepals and surround the reproductive organs. Petals function primarily to attract pollinators through color, scent, and nectar guides, facilitating pollen transfer while protecting stamens and pistils.

Morphology and variation: Petals can be free (distinct) or fused to form a tube or a banner; in many dicots they occur in multiples of five, while monocots commonly have three. In some species petals are absent or reduced; in orchids a specialized petal, the labellum or lip, acts as a landing platform. When sepals resemble petals, the organs are called tepals.

Pigments and development: Petal color arises from pigments such as anthocyanins (red, purple, blue), carotenoids (yellow to orange), and betalains in a few families. The epidermis often contains conical cells that enhance color and reflectance. Petal development originates in the floral meristem and differs among species; petals may be modified during evolution to attract specific pollinators.

Ecology and use: Petals influence pollinator behavior and mating success; they also contribute to flowers' visual signals in ecosystems and agriculture. Beyond wild plants, petals and the corolla are central to ornamental horticulture and cut flowers.