Stains

Stains are discolorations produced when pigments, dyes, or other substances deposit on a surface or penetrate its fibers. They can be intrinsic, where coloring agents are absorbed, or surface stains that remain on top of the material. Stains affect textiles, upholstery, wood, ceramics, and plastics, with similar underlying processes.

Common sources include organic stains from foods and drinks such as coffee, tea, wine, fruit, sauces, ink, cosmetics, and bodily fluids; and inorganic stains such as rust, mineral deposits, and metal oxidation. The final appearance depends on substrate, oil or protein content, pH, and whether heat has been applied.

Removal aims to prevent penetration, dissolve color, or chemically modify the stain. Act quickly: blot rather than rub, and avoid applying heat until removal is underway. For fabrics, pretreat with cold water for protein stains (blood, milk), enzymatic cleaners for organic residues, and appropriate detergents or solvents for oily stains. Oxygen- or peroxide-based cleaners can help many color stains on colorfast textiles; chlorine bleach is used on whites with caution, as it can harm fibers or dyes. Rust stains usually require a rust remover and should be used per instructions. Surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal require cleaners appropriate to the finish and should be tested in a hidden area.

Prevention includes prompt spill cleanup, protective finishes, and the use of coasters or mats. Some stains on porous materials, or those set by heat, may be permanent. Understanding the stain and material guides cleaning decisions.