Spowodowane

Spowodowane is the past passive participle of the Polish verb spowodować, meaning “caused by” or “resulting from.” Used as an adjective or participle, it describes events, conditions or phenomena that have been brought about by a specific factor or cause. The form agrees with the noun it modifies in gender and number (for example spowodowany pożar, spowodowana sytuacja, spowodowane skutki).

Usage and meaning

Spowodowane describes the causal relationship behind something. It is commonly used attributively, before a noun, as in pożar spowodowany zwarciem instalacji, or sytuacja spowodowana pandemią. It can also be used predicatively in phrases such as “to jest spowodowane…” (this is caused by…). In many contexts it appears with the preposition przez to specify the agent, as in skutki spowodowane przez zmiany klimatu.

Grammar notes

As a participle, spowodowane agrees with the noun it modifies in gender and number. Forms include spowodowany (masc. sing.), spowodowana (fem. sing.), spowodowane (neut./plural forms), spowodowani (masc. personal plural). In everyday usage, the neuter plural and feminine plural forms are often rendered with spowodowane, especially in noun phrases like skutki spowodowane zmianami klimatu.

Etymology and related terms

Spowodowane derives from spowodować, the perfective form of spowodowywać/spodować, related to powód (cause, reason). Related nouns include spowodowanie (the act of causing) and the broader concept of przyczyna (cause) or konsekwencje (consequences).

See also

Powód (cause), przyczyna (cause), konsekwencje (consequences), spowodować (to cause).