spowodowana

Spowodowana is a Polish feminine singular past passive participle of the verb spowodować, meaning to cause. It describes a feminine noun that has been caused or produced by a prior action and is typically used in descriptive or analytic contexts. Spowodowana can function attributively, as in przyczyna spowodowana błędem (“a cause caused by an error”), or predicatively, as in sytuacja była spowodowana awarią (“the situation was caused by a failure”). It is commonly used with the agent expressed by przez to indicate who or what caused the effect, as in szkody spowodowane przez burzę.

Forms and agreement: The masculine counterpart is spowodowany, and the neuter form is spowodowane. In plural, the participle takes forms that align with standard Polish adjective and participle declension (for example spowodowani for masculine personal, spowodowane for neuter or feminine plural in many contexts). It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies or with the predicate.

Semantics and usage notes: Spowodowana conveys that a particular phenomenon, effect, or state has a definite cause in the sense of a prior event or action. It is distinct from spowodowanie, which is a noun meaning “the act of causing” or “the cause” itself, rather than a described state of a noun.

Etymology: The form derives from the perfective verb spowodować, built from the root powod- with the prefix s-, and is part of Polish morphological patterns for past passive participles.