Sphagnaceae

Sphagnaceae is a family of mosses commonly known as peat mosses. In most modern classifications it comprises a single genus, Sphagnum, with hundreds of species, and it belongs to the order Sphagnales. They are ecologically important for their role in peat formation and wetland ecology.

Distribution and habitat: Sphagnum species occur across cool temperate and boreal regions, primarily in acidic, waterlogged peatlands such as bogs and fens. They often dominate vegetation and strongly influence the hydrology and chemistry of wetlands.

Morphology and physiology: Sphagnum mosses form cushion- or mat-like stands with slender stems and small leaves. A defining feature is the presence of large, dead hyaline cells in the leaves that can store many times their dry weight in water, giving peatlands their high water-holding capacity. Reproduction is by spores produced on sporophytes.

Peat formation and ecological role: Accumulated dead tissue decomposes slowly under the waterlogged, acidic conditions of peatlands, leading to peat formation. Peatlands store substantial amounts of global soil carbon and affect acidity and nutrient cycling in wetlands, contributing to regional hydrology and biodiversity.

Uses and conservation: Peat extracted from Sphagnum has historically been used as fuel and as a horticultural substrate; contemporary concerns focus on carbon emissions and habitat disturbance from harvesting. Many peatlands are protected or undergoing restoration to preserve biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon stores.