Sparkling

Sparkling is an adjective with two broad senses. First, it describes something that emits or reflects flashes of light, or appears lively and shimmering. Second, it describes liquids that contain dissolved carbon dioxide, producing effervescence. The word can also be used metaphorically to describe lively or witty behavior.

In beverages, "sparkling" commonly refers to carbonated drinks. Sparkling water is plain water with CO2; natural springs may produce sparkling water, and commercial products often carbonate by injecting CO2. Sparkling wine is wine bottled with dissolved CO2, resulting in bubbles; methods include natural fermentation in the bottle (the traditional method) or in pressurized tanks (the Charmat method). Notable varieties include Champagne, Prosecco, Cava, and other regional wines.

In optics and surfaces, a surface is described as sparkling when it produces bright, quick reflections as light bounces. This is achieved by facets, polish, moving water, or rough texture; the effect is used in decorative lighting and jewelry.

In gemology, sparkle or brilliance refers to the combined effects of reflection, refraction, dispersion, and scattering as light interacts with a cut gemstone, especially diamonds. A well-cut gem maximizes sparkle.

In everyday language, "sparkling" can describe lively personality, sparkling conversation, or a scene with lots of light. The terminology is widespread across culture and commerce, from beverages to fashion to design. See also carbonation, wine terminology, and jewelry design.