Simulacije

Simulacije refers to the practice of creating and using models to imitate the behavior of a real-world system over time. A simulation relies on a model that captures the essential structure and processes of the target system, together with input data and a computational mechanism to generate outputs. The aim is to study performance, test scenarios, or train people without impacting the actual system. In English, the term is simulations; in several Slavic languages the cognate is simulacije.

Types of simulations vary by approach and timing. Deterministic simulations produce the same results for a given input, while stochastic simulations incorporate randomness. Discrete-event simulations model changes that occur at discrete moments, and continuous simulations describe systems evolving continuously over time. Other common forms include agent-based simulations, Monte Carlo simulations, and real-time simulations, which update as events occur or as time advances.

Methods involve building, calibrating, validating, and sometimes verifying models. Data quality, model assumptions, and computational resources influence accuracy. Calibration aligns model output with observed data, while validation assesses whether the model reasonably represents the real system.

Applications span many domains. Engineering, physics, economics, operations research, and ecology use simulations to test designs and policies. Healthcare, urban planning, training, and risk assessment employ simulations for scenario analysis and decision support. The concept underpins digital twins and advanced visualization technologies, enabling experiential understanding without real-world consequences.

Historically, simulacije emerged from simple analog devices to sophisticated computer-based models. The Monte Carlo method, introduced mid-20th century, popularized probabilistic simulation. Ongoing advancements in computing power continue to expand the scope and fidelity of simulated systems.