Sigmoiditis

Sigmoiditis is a term used to describe inflammation of the sigmoid colon, the S-shaped section of the large intestine that connects the descending colon to the rectum. This condition can manifest with a range of symptoms, often overlapping with other gastrointestinal disorders. Common signs include abdominal pain, typically localized to the lower left quadrant, changes in bowel habits such as diarrhea or constipation, and rectal bleeding. Nausea, vomiting, and fever may also be present in more severe cases.

The causes of sigmoiditis are varied and can include infectious agents like bacteria or viruses, inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, and diverticulitis, which involves inflammation or infection of small pouches that form in the colon wall. Ischemic colitis, a condition where blood flow to the colon is reduced, can also lead to sigmoiditis. Other contributing factors might include radiation therapy to the pelvic region or certain medications.

Diagnosis of sigmoiditis usually involves a medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. These tests may include blood work to check for infection or inflammation, stool samples to identify pathogens, and imaging studies like a CT scan or MRI. A colonoscopy is often performed to visualize the sigmoid colon directly, allowing for the assessment of the extent of inflammation and the collection of biopsies to rule out other conditions or confirm a diagnosis.

Treatment for sigmoiditis depends on the underlying cause. For infectious causes, antibiotics are typically prescribed. In cases of inflammatory bowel disease, medications aimed at reducing inflammation are used, which may include corticosteroids or immunomodulators. Diverticulitis may require antibiotics and dietary modifications, while severe cases might necessitate surgery. Lifestyle adjustments, such as dietary changes and stress management, can also play a role in managing symptoms and preventing recurrence.