Serumsyke

Serumsyke, also known as serum sickness, is a rare but potentially serious allergic reaction that can occur following the administration of certain medications, particularly those derived from animal sources or those containing foreign proteins. The condition typically manifests within days to weeks after exposure to the triggering substance, though symptoms may appear as early as a few hours or as late as several months later.

The exact cause of serum sickness is thought to involve an immune response where the body produces antibodies against the foreign protein, leading to immune complex formation. These complexes can deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation and subsequent symptoms. Common culprits include immune globulins, antivenoms, and some biologic therapies, though the condition can also arise from other medications or vaccines.

Symptoms of serum sickness often include fever, rash, joint pain (arthralgia), and swelling of the lymph nodes. Some individuals may also experience fatigue, nausea, or abdominal pain. Severe cases can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis), vasculitis, or anaphylaxis, though these are less common. The rash associated with serum sickness is typically non-itchy and may appear as a diffuse redness or a maculopapular eruption.

Diagnosis is generally based on clinical presentation, medical history, and exclusion of other conditions. Laboratory tests, such as elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP), may support the diagnosis, though they are not definitive. Treatment focuses on symptom management, including antihistamines for itching, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation, and corticosteroids in more severe cases. In rare instances, plasmapheresis may be considered for life-threatening reactions.

Prevention involves careful patient selection and monitoring, particularly for individuals with a history of allergic reactions. Alternative medications or lower-dose regimens may be used in high-risk patients. While serum sickness is uncommon, healthcare providers should remain vigilant, especially when administering biologic therapies or animal-derived products. Most cases resolve spontaneously within weeks, though recurrence can occur with re-exposure to the triggering substance.