Sedatif

Sedatif is a term used in pharmacology to describe agents with sedative properties that calm the central nervous system, ease anxiety, and/or promote sleep. In some markets, Sedatif also appears as a brand name for specific sedative formulations, with composition and dosage varying by country and manufacturer.

Common uses of sedatives include short-term treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and agitation, as well as pre-procedure or perioperative sedation under medical supervision. They may be prescribed for limited periods due to risks of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal when used long term.

Most sedatifs exert their effects by depressing neuronal activity in the brain. The most familiar mechanism involves potentiation of the GABA-A receptor, which increases chloride ion flow and reduces neuronal excitability. Other sedatives act through different targets, such as histamine receptors or melatonin pathways, to promote calmness or drowsiness.

Sedatifs come in various pharmaceutical classes, including benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (often referred to as z-drugs), barbiturates, and sedating antihistamines. Formulations are typically oral tablets or capsules, but can also be liquids or injectables used in clinical settings.

Safety and regulation emphasize cautious use. Adverse effects commonly include drowsiness, dizziness, impaired coordination, and cognitive impairment. Potential for dependence and withdrawal exists with longer use or higher doses, particularly with CNS depressants. Interactions with alcohol or other sedatives can markedly increase risk. These medications are usually available by prescription, with dosing tailored to the individual and monitored for safety, especially in the elderly and in pregnant or breastfeeding individuals.