potentiation

Potentiation is the process by which the effect or potency of something is increased. In science, the term is used in different contexts to describe an enhanced response produced by a substance, a system, or a mechanism.

In pharmacology, potentiation refers to an interaction in which one substance increases the effect of a second substance beyond what the second could achieve alone, often with little or no effect of its own. This can occur through pharmacokinetic mechanisms (altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion that raise the levels of the other agent) or pharmacodynamic mechanisms (enhanced receptor activation or signaling). Some drug combinations and dietary components can potentiate effects, which has important implications for safety and dosing. Potentiation is distinct from synergism, though both can lead to larger combined effects.

In neuroscience, potentiation describes a sustained increase in synaptic strength following neural activity. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a durable enhancement of synaptic transmission thought to underlie learning and memory, especially in the hippocampus. Short-term potentiation (STP) is a more transient form. Cellular mechanisms involve calcium signaling via NMDA receptors, trafficking and insertion of AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane, and changes in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Potentiation, as a concept, thus bridges molecular changes with larger-scale behavioral and cognitive processes.

Overall, potentiation denotes an increase in effectiveness or responsiveness across biological systems, with notable relevance in drug interactions and synaptic plasticity.