SecondMessengerSysteme
SecondMessengerSysteme is an umbrella term used to describe the network of intracellular signaling pathways that rely on small, diffusible molecules generated in response to extracellular cues to regulate cellular processes. Classic second messengers include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), calcium ions (Ca2+), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG); additional messengers include nitric oxide (NO), lipid-derived mediators, and, in bacteria, cyclic dinucleotides such as c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, as well as (p)ppGpp.
Activation of SecondMessengerSysteme commonly begins at the cell membrane through receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors
The SecondMessengerSysteme exhibits spatial and temporal organization, with signaling confined to microdomains and characterized by rapid,
Research on SecondMessengerSysteme employs sensors and reporters (for example, genetically encoded indicators), omics approaches, and computational