Screenreader

A screen reader, also written as screenreader, is a type of assistive technology that converts on-screen text and interface elements into synthesized speech or braille output. It enables people who are blind or have severe visual impairments to access digital content and interact with software, websites, and mobile apps.

Screen readers use the operating system’s accessibility APIs and the application’s UI markup to retrieve information about text, controls, and layout. As the user navigates with the keyboard, the screen reader describes items, their roles, states, and relationships, and can read punctuation and formatting as configured. They also support braille displays for tactile output.

Common software screen readers include NVDA and JAWS on Windows, VoiceOver on macOS and iOS, TalkBack on Android, and Narrator on Windows. In many environments these tools are built into the OS, providing cross-platform accessibility through consistent keyboard commands and rotor-like navigation modes.

Screen readers rely on semantic markup and accessibility APIs such as ARIA to announce content accurately. Developers are encouraged to provide meaningful labels, proper focus management, and accessible widgets. Standards and guidelines from WCAG inform testing, while real-world compatibility varies with dynamic web content and custom controls.

History and impact: Early screen readers emerged from text-based terminals and speech synthesis for blind users. Modern screen readers are widely integrated into mainstream operating systems, improving access to information but requiring ongoing collaboration between developers and users to address gaps in accessibility.