Sciaridae

Sciaridae, commonly known as fungus gnats, is a family of small flies in the order Diptera and the superfamily Sciaroidea. Members are typically slender with long legs and dark bodies. The family includes several genera, notably Sciara and Bradysia, and is distributed worldwide.

Most species occupy moist, shaded environments with decaying organic matter and fungi, such as forest litter, compost, or greenhouse potting mixes. Larvae feed on fungal hyphae and mycelium; some species also feed on roots. Adults are commonly found near damp soil and may be attracted to light.

Life cycle: Eggs are laid in moist media; larvae develop through several instars in the substrate. Pupation occurs in soil, and winged adults emerge after a few weeks to months, depending on conditions. Adults have short lifespans and typically feed on nectar or not at all.

Economic and ecological significance: Most Sciaridae are saprophagous and aid in decomposition. However, several species are greenhouse pests; larval feeding can damage young plants and roots. They may also act as occasional pollinators.

Management: Control focuses on reducing breeding sites and humidity, improving drainage, and avoiding overwatering. Sanitation, traps, and preventive measures help limit populations. Biological controls such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) or entomopathogenic nematodes can reduce larvae; insecticides are typically used as a last resort.