Scarabaeinae

Scarabaeinae is a subfamily of Scarabaeidae, the scarab beetles, within the order Coleoptera. Commonly known as dung beetles, members of Scarabaeinae are found worldwide, with the greatest diversity in tropical regions. Most species feed on mammalian dung, though a minority exploit decaying plant matter or carrion.

Morphology and adaptations: Scarabaeinae beetles are typically medium to large and robust, with strong digging legs and broad, spade-like tibiae. Their antennae are lamellate and can be folded back into the body when not sensing. coloration and size vary across genera, but a compact, hard-bodied form is common.

Behavior and ecology: Scarabaeinae exhibit three main dung-use strategies. Rollers (telecoprines) form dung into balls and relocate them to burial sites. Tunnellers (paracoprines) burrow beneath the dung, turning and consuming material from below. Dwellers (endocoprines) breed within the dung pat itself. By burying and consuming dung, these beetles promote nutrient cycling, soil aeration, and seed dispersal, while reducing parasite habitats associated with surface dung.

Taxonomy and ecological role: The subfamily includes several tribes and numerous genera, such as Scarabaeini, Onthophagini, Oniticellini, and Coprini. Scarabaeinae play a crucial role in many ecosystems as recyclers and soil improvers, contributing to agricultural and natural system health.

Conservation: While many species are common, others are threatened by habitat loss, intensive livestock management, pesticide exposure, and climate change. Protecting habitats that provide dung sources supports Scarabaeinae diversity and the ecosystem services they provide.